Feed Planet Magazine Issue-Sayı: 19 July/August - Temmuz/Ağustos 2019

SPECIAL COVER • ÖZEL DOSYA 66 FEED PLANET / JULY-AUGUST 2019 • TEMMUZ-AĞUSTOS 2019 düşebilmektedir. Yemlik böcek ununun protein konsantras- yonunda belirgin bir değişiklik gözlenmezken, düşük prote- inli rasyonla beslenen yemlik böceklerin yağ miktarı, yüksek proteinli rasyonla beslenenlere kıyasla (%18.9 ve %26.3) önemli derecede düşük bulunmuştur. Böceklerin büyümeleri çok hızlı, yemden yararlanmaları çok yüksektir. Bir kg böcek proteini üretmek için yaklaşık 2 kg organik artık ile 1 m2 alan gerekmektedir (12). Böcekler protein ve esansiyel aminoasitler bakımından zengin kay- naklardır (10,12). Böcek unlarının protein içeriği aynı böcek türlerinde bile böceğin gelişim evresine göre yaklaşık % 40-60 arasında değişmektedir. Böceklerin aminoasit pro- fili, balık unu ile kıyaslandığında karasinek larvası hariç tüm böceklerin metiyonin ve sistin içeriklerinin balık unununkinin yaklaşık yarısı kadar olduğu görülmektedir. Wang ve ark. (13), etlik piliç yemlerinde, balık ununa ikame olarak %15 düzeylerine kadar kullanılan çekirge ununun (%58.3 HP, %10.3 HY, %8.7 kitin, %2.96 HK ve 2.960 kcal/kg ME içermektedir) canlı ağırlık, yem tüketimi ve yem dönüşüm oranını olumsuz etkilemeden, protein açığını kapatmak için kullanılabileceğini bildirmişlerdir. Yu- murta tavuklarında yapılan bir çalışmada (14) Büvelek si- neği (Hermetia illucens)’in soya küspesinin tamamı yerine nificant change was observed in the protein concentra- tion of feed insect meal, the fat content of feed insects fed with low protein ration was significantly lower than those fed with high protein diet (18.9% and 26.3%). Insects grow very fast and their feed conversion ratio is very highly. An area of 1 m2 with approximately 2 kg of organic residue is required to produce one kg of insect protein (12). Insects have rich sources of protein and es- sential amino acids (10,12). The protein content of insect meal varies between 40-60% depending on the stage of development of insects even in the same insect species. When the amino acid profile of insects is compared with fish meal, methionine and cysteine contents of all insects except housefly larvae are approximately half of that of fish meal. Wang et al. (13) has found out that grasshopper meal (it contains 58.3% crude protein, 10.3% raw oil, 8.7% chitin, 2.96 % crude ash, and 2.960 kcal/kg metaboliz- able energy) being used at 15 percent as replacement of fish meal in broiler feeds does not affect live weight, feed consumption, and feed conversion and can be used to close the protein gap. In a study conducted on laying hens (14), when warble fly (Hermetia illucens) is substi- tuted in the place of soybean meal, it lowers the diges- tion at small bowel and changes the enzymatic activity while it increased the butyric acid production at cecum. Especially, this drew attention when insects are used as an alternative to antibiotics in poultry ration. In a study conducted by Islam and Yang (15), it is found out that when mealworm (Tenebrio Molitor) and super mealworm (Zophobas Morio) were added to the diets at levels of 0.4% of probiotic larvae, this increased the live weight, IgA, and IgG of broiler chicks infected with Salmonella and E.coli, feed utilization rate, the number of E.coli and Salmonella number at cecum, and lowered pH value of cecum, and that can be used as an alternative to anti- biotics. The bitter vetch is a good source of protein. Protein content varies between 21% and 28.5%. Compared to other grains, the average protein content is 24.02%. Legume grains are important protein sources for poultry and contain 20-40% crude protein. However, the addi- tion of some legumes to the rations without any treat- ment resulted in a decrease in egg production and live weight gain, inhibition of amino acid absorption, and growth in the pancreas. These detrimental effects are attributed to the presence of various toxic substances such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, and amylase inhibitors, tannins or glycosides. The use of autoclaved bitter vetch reduces the toxicity in laying hens. The researchers also reported that animals that were fed with bitter vetch at